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IAPP AIGP Exam Syllabus Topics:
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NEW QUESTION # 29
You asked a generative Al tool to recommend new restaurants to explore in Boston, Massachusetts that have a specialty Italian dish made in a traditional fashion without spinach and wine. The generative Al tool recommended five restaurants for you to visit.
After looking up the restaurants, you discovered one restaurant did not exist and two others did not have the dish.
This information provided by the generative Al tool is an example of what is commonly called?
- A. Model collapse.
- B. Hallucination.
- C. Prompt injection.
- D. Overfitting.
Answer: B
Explanation:
In the context of AI, particularly generative models, "hallucination" refers to the generation of outputs that are not based on the training data and are factually incorrect or non-existent. The scenario described involves the generative AI tool providing incorrect and non-existent information about restaurants, which fits the definition of hallucination. Reference: AIGP BODY OF KNOWLEDGE and various AI literature discussing the limitations and challenges of generative AI models.
NEW QUESTION # 30
CASE STUDY
Please use the following answer the next question:
A local police department in the United States procured an Al system to monitor and analyze social media feeds, online marketplaces and other sources of public information to detect evidence of illegal activities (e.g., sale of drugs or stolen goods). The Al system works by surveilling the public sites in order to identify individuals that are likely to have committed a crime. It cross-references the individuals against data maintained by law enforcement and then assigns a percentage score of the likelihood of criminal activity based on certain factors like previous criminal history, location, time, race and gender.
The police department retained a third-party consultant assist in the procurement process, specifically to evaluate two finalists. Each of the vendors provided information about their system's accuracy rates, the diversity of their training data and how their system works. The consultant determined that the first vendor's system has a higher accuracy rate and based on this information, recommended this vendor to the police department.
The police department chose the first vendor and implemented its Al system. As part of the implementation, the department and consultant created a usage policy for the system, which includes training police officers on how the system works and how to incorporate it into their investigation process.
The police department has now been using the Al system for a year. An internal review has found that every time the system scored a likelihood of criminal activity at or above 90%, the police investigation subsequently confirmed that the individual had, in fact, committed a crime. Based on these results, the police department wants to forego investigations for cases where the Al system gives a score of at least 90% and proceed directly with an arrest.
What is the best reason the police department should continue to perform investigations even if the Al system scores an individual's likelihood of criminal activity at or above 90%?
- A. Because Al systems that affect fundamental civil rights should not be fully automated.
- B. Because the department did not perform an impact assessment for this intended use.
- C. Because investigations may uncover information relevant to sentencing.
- D. Because investigations may identify additional individuals involved in the crime.
Answer: A
Explanation:
The best reason for the police department to continue performing investigations even if the AI system scores an individual's likelihood of criminal activity at or above 90% is that AI systems affecting fundamental civil rights should not be fully automated. Human oversight is essential to ensure that decisions impacting civil liberties are made with due consideration of context and mitigating factors that an AI might not fully appreciate. This approach ensures fairness, accountability, and adherence to legal standards. Reference: AIGP Body of Knowledge on AI Ethics and Human Oversight.
NEW QUESTION # 31
A US company has developed an Al system, CrimeBuster 9619, that collects information about incarcerated individuals to help parole boards predict whether someone is likely to commit another crime if released from prison.
When considering expanding to the EU market, this type of technology would?
- A. Require a detailed conformity assessment.
- B. Be subject approval by the relevant EU authority.
- C. Be banned under the EU Al Act.
- D. Require the company to register the tool with the EU database.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Under the EU AI Act, high-risk AI systems like CrimeBuster 9619 would require a detailed conformity assessment before being deployed in the EU market. This assessment ensures that the AI system complies with all relevant regulations and standards, addressing potential risks related to privacy, security, and discrimination. The company would not need to register the tool with the EU database (A), seek approval from an EU authority (B), or face a ban (D) as long as it meets the necessary conformity requirements.
NEW QUESTION # 32
What is the best reason for a company adopt a policy that prohibits the use of generative Al?
- A. Avoid accidental disclosure to its confidential and proprietary information.
- B. Avoid the time necessary to train employees on acceptable use.
- C. Avoid needing to identify and hire qualified resources.
- D. Avoid using technology that cannot be monetized.
Answer: A
Explanation:
The primary concern for a company adopting a policy prohibiting the use of generative AI is the risk of accidental disclosure of confidential and proprietary information. Generative AI tools can inadvertently leak sensitive data during the creation process or through data sharing. This risk outweighs the other reasons listed, as protecting sensitive information is critical to maintaining the company's competitive edge and legal compliance. This rationale is discussed in the sections on risk management and data privacy in the IAPP AIGP Body of Knowledge.
NEW QUESTION # 33
CASE STUDY
Please use the following answer the next question:
A local police department in the United States procured an Al system to monitor and analyze social media feeds, online marketplaces and other sources of public information to detect evidence of illegal activities (e.g., sale of drugs or stolen goods). The Al system works by surveilling the public sites in order to identify individuals that are likely to have committed a crime. It cross-references the individuals against data maintained by law enforcement and then assigns a percentage score of the likelihood of criminal activity based on certain factors like previous criminal history, location, time, race and gender.
The police department retained a third-party consultant assist in the procurement process, specifically to evaluate two finalists. Each of the vendors provided information about their system's accuracy rates, the diversity of their training data and how their system works. The consultant determined that the first vendor's system has a higher accuracy rate and based on this information, recommended this vendor to the police department.
The police department chose the first vendor and implemented its Al system. As part of the implementation, the department and consultant created a usage policy for the system, which includes training police officers on how the system works and how to incorporate it into their investigation process.
The police department has now been using the Al system for a year. An internal review has found that every time the system scored a likelihood of criminal activity at or above 90%, the police investigation subsequently confirmed that the individual had, in fact, committed a crime. Based on these results, the police department wants to forego investigations for cases where the Al system gives a score of at least 90% and proceed directly with an arrest.
When notifying an accused perpetrator, what additional information should a police officer provide about the use of the Al system?
- A. Information about how the accused can oppose the charges.
- B. Information about the composition of the training data of the system.
- C. Information about the accuracy of the Al system.
- D. Information about how the individual was identified by the Al system.
Answer: D
Explanation:
When notifying an accused perpetrator, the police officer should provide information about how the individual was identified by the AI system. This transparency is crucial for maintaining trust and ensuring that the accused understands the basis of the charges against them. Information about the accuracy, how to oppose the charges, and the composition of the training data, while potentially relevant, do not directly address the immediate need for the accused to understand the specific process that led to their identification. Reference:
AIGP Body of Knowledge on AI Transparency and Explainability.
NEW QUESTION # 34
Each of the following actors are typically engaged in the Al development life cycle EXCEPT?
- A. Data architects.
- B. Legal and privacy governance experts.
- C. Government regulators.
- D. Socio-cultural and technical experts.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Typically, actors involved in the AI development life cycle include data architects (who design the data frameworks), socio-cultural and technical experts (who ensure the AI system is socio-culturally aware and technically sound), and legal and privacy governance experts (who handle the legal and privacy aspects).
Government regulators, while important, are not directly engaged in the development process but rather oversee and regulate the industry. Reference: AIGP BODY OF KNOWLEDGE and AI development frameworks.
NEW QUESTION # 35
CASE STUDY
Please use the following answer the next question:
XYZ Corp., a premier payroll services company that employs thousands of people globally, is embarking on a new hiring campaign and wants to implement policies and procedures to identify and retain the best talent. The new talent will help the company's product team expand its payroll offerings to companies in the healthcare and transportation sectors, including in Asia.
It has become time consuming and expensive for HR to review all resumes, and they are concerned that human reviewers might be susceptible to bias.
Address these concerns, the company is considering using a third-party Al tool to screen resumes and assist with hiring. They have been talking to several vendors about possibly obtaining a third-party Al-enabled hiring solution, as long as it would achieve its goals and comply with all applicable laws.
The organization has a large procurement team that is responsible for the contracting of technology solutions.
One of the procurement team's goals is to reduce costs, and it often prefers lower-cost solutions. Others within the company are responsible for integrating and deploying technology solutions into the organization's operations in a responsible, cost-effective manner.
The organization is aware of the risks presented by Al hiring tools and wants to mitigate them. It also questions how best to organize and train its existing personnel to use the Al hiring tool responsibly. Their concerns are heightened by the fact that relevant laws vary across jurisdictions and continue to change.
The frameworks that would be most appropriate for XYZ's governance needs would be the NIST Al Risk Management Framework and?
- A. NIST Cyber Security Risk Management Framework (CSF 2.0).
- B. Human Rights, Democracy, and Rule of Law Impact Assessment (HUDERIA).
- C. NIST Information Security Risk (NIST SP 800-39).
- D. IEEE Ethical System Design Risk Management Framework (IEEE 7000-21).
Answer: D
Explanation:
The IEEE Ethical System Design Risk Management Framework (IEEE 7000-21) would be most appropriate for XYZ Corp's governance needs in addition to the NIST AI Risk Management Framework. The IEEE framework specifically addresses ethical concerns during system design, which is crucial for ensuring the responsible use of AI in hiring. It complements the NIST framework by focusing on ethical risk management, aligning well with XYZ Corp's goals of deploying AI responsibly and mitigating associated risks.
NEW QUESTION # 36
A company has trained an ML model primarily using synthetic data, and now intends to use live personal data to test the model.
Which of the following is NOT a best practice apply during the testing?
- A. Testing should be performed specific to the intended uses.
- B. Testing should minimize human involvement to the extent practicable.
- C. The test data should be representative of the expected operationaldata.
- D. The test data should be anonymized to the extent practicable.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Minimizing human involvement to the extent practicable is not a best practice during the testing of an ML model. Human oversight is crucial during testing to ensure that the model performs correctly and ethically, and to interpret any anomalies or issues that arise. Best practices include using representative test data, anonymizing data to the extent practicable, and performing testing specific to the intended uses of the model.
Reference: AIGP Body of Knowledge on AI Model Testing and Human Oversight.
NEW QUESTION # 37
According to the EU Al Act, providers of what kind of machine learning systems will be required to register with an EU oversight agency before placing their systems in the EU market?
- A. Al systems that are "strong" general intelligence.
- B. Al systems that are harmful based on a legal risk-utility calculation.
- C. Al systems trained on sensitive personal data.
- D. Al systems that are high-risk.
Answer: D
Explanation:
According to the EU AI Act, providers of high-risk AI systems are required to register with an EU oversight agency before these systems can be placed on the market. This requirement is part of the Act's framework to ensure that high-risk AI systems comply with stringent safety, transparency, and accountability standards.
High-risk systems are those that pose significant risks to health, safety, or fundamental rights. Registration with oversight agencies helps facilitate ongoing monitoring and enforcement of compliance with the Act's provisions. Systems categorized under other criteria, such as those trained on sensitive personal data or exhibiting "strong" general intelligence, also fall under scrutiny but are primarily covered under different regulatory requirements or classifications.
NEW QUESTION # 38
CASE STUDY
Please use the following answer the next question:
A mid-size US healthcare network has decided to develop an Al solution to detect a type of cancer that is most likely arise in adults. Specifically, the healthcare network intends to create a recognition algorithm that will perform an initial review of all imaging and then route records a radiologist for secondary review pursuant agreed-upon criteria (e.g., a confidence score below a threshold).
To date, the healthcare network has taken the following steps: defined its Al ethical principles: conducted discovery to identify the intended uses and success criteria for the system: established an Al governance committee; assembled a broad, crossfunctional team with clear roles and responsibilities; and created policies and procedures to document standards, workflows, timelines and risk thresholds during the project.
The healthcare network intends to retain a cloud provider to host the solution and a consulting firm to help develop the algorithm using the healthcare network's existing data and de-identified data that is licensed from a large US clinical research partner.
In the design phase, which of the following steps is most important in gathering the data from the clinical research partner?
- A. Combine only anonymized data.
- B. Segregate the data sets.
- C. Review the terms of use.
- D. Perform a privacy impact assessment.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Reviewing the terms of use is essential when gathering data from a clinical research partner. This step ensures that the healthcare network complies with all legal and contractual obligations related to data usage. It addresses data ownership, usage limitations, consent requirements, and privacy obligations, which are critical to maintaining ethical standards and avoiding legal repercussions. This review helps ensure that the data is used in a manner consistent with the agreements made and the regulatory environment, which is fundamental for lawful and ethical AI development. Reference: AIGP Body of Knowledge on Legal and Regulatory Considerations.
NEW QUESTION # 39
After completing model testing and validation, which of the following is the most important step that an organization takes prior to deploying the model into production?
- A. Define a model-validation methodology.
- B. Perform a readiness assessment.
- C. Document maintenance teams and processes.
- D. Identify known edge cases to monitor post-deployment.
Answer: B
Explanation:
After completing model testing and validation, the most important step prior to deploying the model into production is to perform a readiness assessment. This assessment ensures that the model is fully prepared for deployment, addressing any potential issues related to infrastructure, performance, security, and compliance. It verifies that the model meets all necessary criteria for a successful launch. Other steps, such as defining a model-validation methodology, documenting maintenance teams and processes, and identifying known edge cases, are also important but come secondary to confirming overall readiness. Reference: AIGP Body of Knowledge on Deployment Readiness.
NEW QUESTION # 40
CASE STUDY
Please use the following answer the next question:
ABC Corp, is a leading insurance provider offering a range of coverage options to individuals. ABC has decided to utilize artificial intelligence to streamline and improve its customer acquisition and underwriting process, including the accuracy and efficiency of pricing policies.
ABC has engaged a cloud provider to utilize and fine-tune its pre-trained, general purpose large language model ("LLM"). In particular, ABC intends to use its historical customer data-including applications, policies, and claims-and proprietary pricing and risk strategies to provide an initial qualification assessment of potential customers, which would then be routed tA. human underwriter for final review.
ABC and the cloud provider have completed training and testing the LLM, performed a readiness assessment, and made the decision to deploy the LLM into production. ABC has designated an internal compliance team to monitor the model during the first month, specifically to evaluate the accuracy, fairness, and reliability of its output. After the first month in production, ABC realizes that the LLM declines a higher percentage of women's loan applications due primarily to women historically receiving lower salaries than men.
Each of the following steps would support fairness testing by the compliance team during the first month in production EXCEPT?
- A. Using tools to help understand factors that may account for differences in decision-making.
- B. Identifying if additional training data should be collected for specific demographic groups.
- C. Validating a similar level of decision-making across different demographic groups.
- D. Providing the loan applicants with information about the model capabilities and limitations.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Providing the loan applicants with information about the model capabilities and limitations would not directly support fairness testing by the compliance team. Fairness testing focuses on evaluating the model's decisions for biases and ensuring equitable treatment across different demographic groups, rather than informing applicants about the model.
Reference: The AIGP Body of Knowledge outlines that fairness testing involves technical assessments such as validating decision-making consistency across demographics and using tools to understand decision factors.
While transparency to applicants is important for ethical AI use, it does not contribute directly to the technical process of fairness testing.
NEW QUESTION # 41
Retraining an LLM can be necessary for all of the following reasons EXCEPT?
- A. To ensure interpretability of the model's predictions.
- B. Account for new interpretations of the same data.
- C. Adjust the model's hyper parameters specific use case.
- D. To minimize degradation in prediction accuracy due tochanges in data.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Retraining an LLM (Large Language Model) is primarily done to improve or maintain its performance as data changes over time, to fine-tune it for specific use cases, and to incorporate new data interpretations to enhance accuracy and relevance. However, ensuring interpretability of the model's predictions is not typically a reason for retraining. Interpretability relates to how easily the outputs of the model can be understood and explained, which is generally addressed through different techniques or methods rather than through the retraining process itself. References to this can be found in the IAPP AIGP Body of Knowledge discussing model retraining and interpretability as separate concepts.
NEW QUESTION # 42
What is the best method to proactively train an LLM so that there is mathematical proof that no specific piece of training data has more than a negligible effect on the model or its output?
- A. Clustering.
- B. Data compartmentalization.
- C. Differential privacy.
- D. Transfer learning.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Differential privacy is a technique used to ensure that the inclusion or exclusion of a single data point does not significantly affect the outcome of any analysis, providing a way to mathematically prove that no specific piece of training data has more than a negligible effect on the model or its output. This is achieved by introducing randomness into the data or the algorithms processing the data. In the context of training large language models (LLMs), differential privacy helps in protecting individual data points while still enabling the model to learn effectively. By adding noise to the training process, differential privacy provides strong guarantees about the privacy of the training data.
Reference: AIGP BODY OF KNOWLEDGE, pages related to data privacy and security in model training.
NEW QUESTION # 43
According to the GDPR's transparency principle, when an Al system processes personal data in automated decision-making, controllers are required to provide data subjects specific information on?
- A. The contact details of the data protection officer and the data protection national authority.
- B. The personal data used during processing, including inferences drawn by the Al system about the data.
- C. The data protection impact assessments carried out on the Al system and legal bases for processing.
- D. The existence of automated decision-making and meaningful information on its logic and consequences.
Answer: D
Explanation:
The GDPR's transparency principle requires that when personal data is processed for automated decision-making, including profiling, data subjects must be informed about the existence of such automated decision-making. Additionally, they must be provided with meaningful information about the logic involved, as well as the significance and the envisaged consequences of such processing for them. This requirement ensures that data subjects are fully aware of how their personal data is being used and the potential impacts, thereby promoting transparency and trust in the processing activities.
NEW QUESTION # 44
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